Glam Rock free essay sample

Reed and David Bowie. By incorporating a flamboyant stage persona into their already incredible musical approach, these musicians redefined the role of the artist in musical culture. These artists put the emphasis on the singer as well as the songs. Correlating with this movement was a foray into sexual discovery. The 1 sass were typified by sexual liberation where love was everywhere and available to all. The 1 sass were characterized by sexual exploration; words like homosexuality, sadomasochism and androgyny entered everyday vocabulary. Musically, references were made to this sexual ambiguity in songs like Lou Reeds Walk on the Wild Side.The flag bearers for this sexual movement were the artists and especially the British glam rockers. Coinciding with this flamboyancy were a wealth of rumors: David Bowie lost his eye because he got in a fight with Gigs Pop while fighting over a another boy during high school; Angela Bowie walked in on David Bowie and Miscarriage in bed; and Rod Stewart had to have his stomach pumped. We will write a custom essay sample on Glam Rock or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although most of these stories were simply rumors, some were calculated media maneuvers. Although an unconfirmed story in itself, it is believed that David Bowies public admittance of bisexuality was a successful ploy to bring him more attention.In addition, fashion was an integral part to the image. Elton John had his large glasses; David Bowie had his dresses while Gigs Pop pranced around the stage shirtless. They all wore lots of makeup, which was tremendously helpful in skewing the gender lines even further. On the musical side of things, glam rock was hard biting and lyrical. The sounds were characterized by space-age lyrics, driving guitars and an overall loudness. That was the most amazing thing about these artists is that could back up their controversial appearances and lifestyles with amazing music.During this period, tunes such as Lou Reeds White Light/White Heat, David Bowies Changes and Elton Johns Rocket Man dominated both the airwaves and music charts. It was David Bowies collaboration with Motto The Hopple, All The Young Dudes, that became the anthem for the Glam rock generation. The song makes references to Glam rock itself, androgyny and drug use. Lyrics such as Well Billy rapped all night about his suicide; Television man is crazy saying were juvenile delinquent wrecks, Oh man I need when I got T Rexes; and Now Lucy looks sweet cause he dresses like a queen helped the Glam youth mind their identity.The song reassured they that they were not alone in the world. Similarly, Bowies Oh! You Pretty Things, which was released on Hunky Dory, was a calling out to the confused youth of the world. When Bowie first announced his bisexuality, the local British papers ran the headline: Oh, You Pretty Thing which forever equated the song to Bowies sexual identity. There are many albums that dominated the Glam rock era: Motto The Hooplas self titled album, Lou Reeds Transformer, David Bowies Rise and Fall of Zigzag Stardust and the Spiders From Mars, to name a few.Beyond the albums that successfully made the bridge to mainstream pop, there were an equal amount of artists and albums that remained in relative Glam obscurity. Thanks to New Yor k Citys Snapper Music and their impressive collection of re-releases, we are able to look at the bare bones of glam rock. Before the apex of the Glam, glitter and excesses of the 1 sass can be evaluated, there first has to be explorations into the roots of Glam. For every musical genre and style, there is a root. Glam rock is no exception to the rule. One of the bands that were part of the embryonic stages of the glam rock movement was Britains The Pretty Things.Unlike the later bands, the Pretty Things did not dress up in crazy outfits, have extravagant stage setups or publicly admit sexual ambiguity. Like the later bands, the Pretty Things possessed a hard driving garage-band sound that influenced many later bands and artists. Snapper Music has just re-released The Pretty Things first three albums which all feature bonus tracks and a CD ROOM multi-media disc. The Pretty Things first began in 1963 and were considered part of the British invasion. Unlike their invading counterparts the Rolling Stones, the Animals and the Beetles; the Pretty Things were less drawn to the rhythmic side ofAmerican RB and more to driving power of their songs. The Pretty Things style was less refined than the typical British band and they provided an early glimpse of punk, hard rock, glam rock and heavy metal. The original Pretty Things consisted of the energetic singing of Phil May, lead guitarist Dick Taylor, bass player John Starr rhythm guitarist Brian Pendleton and drummer Vi Prince. The four came together as a rag tag group of longhair troublemakers who wanted to play music and have a good time. Their first album, a self-titled release from 1965, is the first re-release by Snapper Music.As the liner notes relay, it seems pretty miraculous that an album was ever produced. After scaring their first producer right of the studio, the Pretty Things were able to record 11 songs. Among the gems found on this album were the two surprise hits ? Arousal and Dont Bring Me Down. In addition, the Pretty Things laid tribute to Bob Diddled with versions of Road Runner, Mama, Keep Your Big Mouth Shut, Shes Fine Shes Mine and pretty Thing. To get an accurate portrayal of the pretty Things in 1 965, here is a description drawn from the liner notes of their second album, Get The Picture? By the lease of their second L P, in December of 1 965, The Pretty Things were a five man symbol of Britains moral decay. Its easy to forget how checkable the country was back then, but Get the Picture? was the work of social outcasts, who attracted tabloid outrage with almost insolent ease. During a period when the Who were smashing instruments and the Rolling Stones were mired debauchery, it is difficult to imagine the limits The Pretty Things pushed. In contrast to the two days a llowed for their first album, The Pretty Things received four whole days to record Get the Picture?Ironically, the tone to Get The Picture was mellower than their debut release with songs ranging from quasi-folk to Rolling Stone-sees rockers. However, The pretty Things maintained their tough image on the stage as they drank and played throughout England. By the time their third album, Emotions, came around, The Pretty Things were experiencing some changes. Three of the original band members (Prince, Stab and Pendleton) had left the band which also brought a change in the music. In an event that was happening worldwide, musicians were slowly changing their style from influenced music to whirling psychedelic.Unfortunately, he recording of this album was setback by conflicts with the record producers and The Pretty Things did not put all of their heart into the album. From an untainted point of view, the album does lay down some the groundwork for what lay ahead. It was the unique combination of garage band rock and the emerging psychedelic that eventually made way for the glam rockers of the sass. In addition, The Pretty Things probably spent more time gracing the pages of the tabloids then they did in the studio. It was this media focus that also gave The pretty Things their popularity.Years later, the lam rockers would use the media in a similar manner to attain musical notoriety. The Pretty Things had an obvious impact on the sass Glam Rockers. The hard rocking, partying aspects of the Pretty Things were a direct impact on the lifestyle and music of Gigs Pop, while the music had an obvious influence on David Bowie. This is accurately reflected by David Bowies 1974 album, Pin Ups. In the middle of Bowies androgynous, hard rocking heyday, he released an entire album of cover tunes that he felt were his musical influences. Pin Ups featured a picture of Bowie and famous model Twiggy adorned in space- GE regalia on the cover and two of the tracks were The Pretty Things Arousal and Dont Bring Me Down. David Bowie may be considered the king (or queen) of the glam rock music. Bowie assumed many alter personae (Zigzag Stardust, Aladdin Sane, Halloween Jack, Thin White Duke), openly discussed his sexual preferences, dressed in flamboyant clothes, had elaborate stage productions and most importantly, his music was rocking.Although Bowie was the primary singer and songwriter, he recruited a lot of help from his band ? The Spiders From Mars which consisted of guitarist Mice Rondos, bassist Tremor Bolder and rammer Michael Woody Woodsmans. The members of the Spiders From Mars contributed to some of Bowies finest albums The Man Who Sold The World, Hunky Dory, Rise and Fall of Zigzag Stardust and The Spiders From Mars, Pin Ups and Aladdin Sane. These are arguably Bowies finest albums during his truly amazing playi ng career. Fulfilling his self proclaimed prophecy that was laid out in the tune Zigzag Stardust, David Bowie broke up the band in 1974. The remaining Spiders From Mars went there own ways. Tremor Bolder and Michael Woodsmans released an album called Spiders From Mars in 1 976 but was immediately panned by the critics. As for Mice Rondos, he went off to pursue a relatively successful playing and producing career. Unfortunately, the world lost Mice Rondos to liver cancer in 1993. To celebrate the unheralded guitar work of Mice Rondos, Snapper Music re-released Rondos first two post Bowie albums Slaughter on 10th Avenue and Play Dont Worry.For the avid David Bowie fan, sasss Slaughter On 10th Avenue is a must get. The album features Growing Up and Im Fine, Music Is Lethal and Pleasure Man/Hey Ma Get Papa which are all Bowie compositions or collaborations. The opening rocking rendition of Elvis Parsleys Love Me Tender is very enjoyable. Being David Bowies most important and influential collaborator, there was little doubt that Bowies style carried over to Rondos. The music on Slaughter On 10th Avenue possesses all Of the grit Of Bowie while Rondos live shows were known for being a raucous and energetic experience.On the visual appearance side of things, Rondos kept the Bowie tradition of bizarre clothing arrangements. The CD re-issue also features 4 previously unreleased tracks including a live rendition of both Slaughter On 10th Avenue and Love Me Tender. This trend kept on going with Rondos 1 975 Play Dont Worry although there s a significant absence of both Bow?s presence and influence. What does shine on Play Dont Worry is Rondos songwriting and playing. Rondos wrote ten of the songs and his adept soloing is shown throughout.Rondos played most of the instruments on the album including guitar, harmonica, synthesizers, bass, drums and vocals. The album features a cover of Lou Reeds White Light White Heat which was a staple during the Spiders From Mars days as well as a collaboration with his wife Margaret Rondos. Rondos also covers Pure Prairie Leagues Angel No. 9. The reissue features seven additional tracks including an upbeat, reggae-country version of Bowies Soul Love. There is also a Life On Mars which has no associations to the David Bowie classic. If Zigzag Stardust had his Spiders From Mars, then Gigs Pop had his Stooges.Born John Stromberg in Ypsilanti, Michigan, Gigs Pop was Americas answer to the sass hard rock/glam rock movement. While Dave Johansson and The New York Dolls typified the sexual androgyny of American glam rock, it was Gigs pop and the Stooges who represented the hard rock, quasi-punk side of the music. Like their distant British influences, The Pretty Things; Gigs Pop and he Stooges combined garage rock, psychedelic and the mass appeal of sex, drugs and rock roll. Gigs pop formed the band in 1967 with brothers Ron and Scott Ashiest and Dave Alexander.The bands first gig was a Halloween show at the University of Michigan during the same year. During their career, the Stooges would be known for their live performances where the shirtless Pop would lacerate himself, cover himself in food and dive into the audiences. During the early sass, David Bowie and Gigs Pop met, which seemed a case of destiny more than anything else. During the following years, the two elaborated on many different projects. Once again, Snapper Music dove into the archives to produce some excellent CDC that give a great snapshot at the Stooges.The first CD is called Your pretty Face Is Going To Hell which is a collection of studio outtakes, radio broadcasts and rehearsals from the early sass. Your Pretty Face Is Going To Hell is representative of the Stooges before and after the recording of sasss Raw Power. This album, which was mixed by David Bowie, is considered the Stooges quintessential album and featured the new guitarist James Williamson. Coinciding with this release is Live In ALAI. The concert was recorded at Los Angels Whiskey A Go-Go in 1973 and captures the Stooges at their creative peak.The performance is entirely from the Raw Power era of the Stooges and signifies the last performances before the break up of the band. By no means is this album the prime live recording as it resembles a 20th generation audience bootleg. What is evident here is the raw energy that went into a Stooges performance. The music is loud, unrefined and vibrant. Since we can not get the sass Gigs Pop to cover himself with Peanut Butter and cut his chest with a razor blade, this recording ay be the closest thing to a Stooges concert. In all of these artists and albums, the common denominator lies with David Bowie. He was influenced by the music and media sway of the Pretty Things; Mice Rondos was his longtime collaborator and friend while Gigs Pop served as both his American counterpart and friend. David Bowie stands out amongst the Glam rockers for he was able to combine commercial success and social controversy with masterful expertise. Bowie already gained the worlds attention through his bright orange hair, costume-like fashion, extravagant stage productions and openly discussed sexual preferences. On top of all that, Bowies songs Were inspirational.Tunes like Changes, Space Oddity, Zigzag Stardust will get just about anybody to sing along. The influences of these great rockers can be felt today. The glam side things found its influence on Boy George of Culture Club and Robert Smith of the Cure. Musically, the sass post punk outfit Bauhaus successfully embodied the spirit of David Bowie and co. The audience-diving antics of Gigs Pop have become a staple for most modern punk, grunge or hard rock performances. In addition, hard-biting seventies-style, rock and roll has continued on with sass British rockers such as Speeches, Oasis and Pulp. sass and 1 sass Heavy Metal also owe a lot to the glam rock days as bands such as Quiet Riot and Deaf Leopard mirrored the hard licks while Twisted Sister and Kiss put the focus on the stage performances and the bands physical appearance. During the late-sass, Marilyn Manson continued with both the androgynous look and re-introduced the hard rock musical qualities. Marilyn Manson may just be the embodiment of the Gigs meets Zigzag. He possesses the sexual ambivalent qualities of Bowie as the album cover for his latest album, Mechanical Animals, will attest. There is an image of a naked Marilyn Manson with no gender defining features.There are also some slight references to a Zigzag-like stage alter-persona of Omega The Mechanical Animals. Meanwhile, Masons song style and live performances reflect a hard rocking Stooges show. The music is hard and the lyrics refer to drugs, violence and apocalyptic visions. In addition, Marilyn Manson shares Bowies affinity to the cosmos. Just as David Bowie spoke Of outer-space in the tunes Space Oddity, Star, Stuntman and Nonage Daydream, Manson makes references to the Alexis in the tunes Great Big White World, The Last Day On Earth and Disassociation.In 1 998, the Glam rocks days have been glorified with the release of the movie Velvet Goldmine which is loosely based on the lives of David Bowie and Gigs Pop. The story is about androgynous superstar Brian Salad who creates the fictional character of Maxwell Demon and is supported by his band, Venus in Furs. The movie follows the career of Salad and the Furs right up until Salad fakes his own shooting on stage, thusly bringing an end of the Maxwell Demon. David Bowie also killed his stage persona by abruptly ending Zigzag Stardust and the Spiders from Mars and heading into new musical directions.Salad is accompanied by fellow rocker, the proto-punk Michigan Kurt Wild. To me, the character of Wild, played by Anew McGregor, was one of the most striking aspects of the movie. In his masterful imitation of Gigs Pop, where he dances around the stage shirtless, strips down nude and attacks his music with an Oozy Osborne fervor, Wild somehow gains semblance to the deceased Kurt Cabin. Although an inadvertent maneuver, the resemblance makes a chance connection between the Glam rock of the sass and the Seattle grunge of the 1 sass. Both musical styles found their roots in the garage band sound.This relationship carries on even further with Cabins acoustic version of Bowies The Man Who Sold the World. To cap it all off, Velvet Goldmine is also a rare early 1 sass single by David Bowie. In addition to the visual references that were made during Velvet Goldmine, the true impact of the Glam days on modern rock was displayed in the soundtrack. The movie featured two mythical bands: Venus In Furs, which was modeled after the Spiders From Mars; and The Wylye Ratty (no not Bill and Tees Wylye Catalysts), who were modeled after the Stooges.

Health Care Regulations Essays

Health Care Regulations Essays Health Care Regulations Paper Health Care Regulations Paper Changes and reforms in policy affecting health care facilities are well documented by professional and academic publications (Barr, 2002). These changes and reforms, which aim to improve the provision of health care service, are adopted in order to allow health care facilities to better meet the needs of their patients (Barr, 2002). Thus, there are reforms on the aspect of health care pensions, which are adopted to protect consumers in this field where they know very little (Barr, 2002). Recent changes applied in agency regulation and policy in the United States are those implemented by the Better Home Health Care Agency, Inc., which holds office and provides health care services in Nassau, Suffolk, Queens, Brooklyn, Bronx, Manhattan and Westchester since 1988 (Barr, 2002). Such recent changes are focused on the provision of more efficient service and the availability of health care professionals, such as a registered nurse, administrator, and medical coordinator, even in the times that the agency is closed, such as on weekends (Barr, 2002). One of the new services provided by the agency is shopping, where the agency charges a minimal fee for assisting their clients in their dietary and shopping needs (Barr, 2002). The client may provide her dietary needs to her caretaker and the goods would be delivered to her. In relation to this, Better Home Health Care Agency, Inc. has a special in-service training, wherein caregivers and health care aids try to meet the nutritional needs of clients while at the same time pleasing their taste buds. This service consists of preparation of specific medically restricted diets, ethnic dishes, and kosher dishes, depending on the needs of the client (Barr, 2002). The changes in policy of the Agency, as manifested by the new services they provide, fall within the category of improvement of quality, which is a main concern of many health care facilities, such as hospitals (Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission, 2004). This thrust is influenced by competitive pressures, which require all participants in the health care industry to improve the quality of services, lower costs, and thereby become a better competitor in the health care industry (Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission, 2004). References Barr, N. (2002). Reforming pensions: Myths, truths, and policy choices. International   Ã‚   Social Security Review 55(2), 3-36. Better Home Health Care Agency, Inc. (2007). Innovative Programs. Retrieved November 17, 2007, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://betterhomehealthcare.com/content/innovativeprograms.html Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission. (2004). Improving Health Care:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Dose of Competition.

How well is neo-functionalism still able to account for the evolution Essay

How well is neo-functionalism still able to account for the evolution of the European Union - Essay Example Studied critically, the EU policies positions Europe as a silent superpower having power that equals or supersedes the one held by US in almost all aspects expect that of deployment of military forces (Moravscik, 2005, p. 349). The European Commission receives preferential treatment and recognition in international secretariats as the powers of the European Parliament continue to increase steadily over years. From 1950s, scholars have described European Union as an institution on an upward growth path and in course of achieving ever closer ties (Moravcsik 2005, 350). He asserts that such thinking is linked to neo-functionalism, forming one of the two main theories considered in analyzing EU integration; neo-functionalism and inter-governmentalism (Moga 2009, 796). Both theories have been criticized, amended although they consist of strong theoretical arguments useful in understanding integration. The theory of neo-functionalism emerged in mid 1950s and is used to explain regional integration where countries do away with barriers to trade to enforce free trade. Neo-functionalism is heavily connected to the strategies used in integration (Rosamond 2000, 10). Jean Monnet, described by various authors as the principal architect of the European integration and a founding father of EU adopted an approach that aimed at bringing integration in similar sectors with an aim of bringing attaining spi llover effects which would further the integration process (Rosamond 2000, 11). The theory was developed by Earns Haas where he reformulated the principles of functionalist and analyzed them in the context of regional organizations. Neo-functionalist views integration as driven by creation of institutions although they were not originally aimed to do this. Neo-functionalism postulates that with the formation central supranational sate, the role of nationalism and national states declines. In addition to positive spill over, the other mechanisms seen as driving integration include technocratic automaticity and change of domestic alliances (Moga 2009, 796). An example of positive spill over is a situation in which a sector such as coal and steel under the governance of a single central institution cause so much pressure to the other associated areas of policy including taxation and wages and influences integration (Wallace 2004, 15). Change in domestic alliance happens when various st ate interest groups, elites and associations transfer their loyalty to supranational institutions and away from national institutions. This is usually fuelled by a realization that supranational institutions offer better paths for achieving the desired goals rather than national institutions (Wallace 2004, 16). This leads to grouping of individuals having pro-European ideas and persuades national leaders to shift their alliance to an integrated region (Wallace 2005, 17). Technocratic automaticity views integration as being boosted by supranational institutions which become stronger than member states. This paper will evaluate how well neo-functionalism can still be used to account for the evolution within the European Union and the discussion will be based on the various developments that have occurred during the past two decades. Inter- govermentalism looks at integration from

American Music History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American Music History - Essay Example This first part of the book also illustrates how more cultured music began developing in America through the formation of singing schools as a means of improving the music used in church and then how music began expanding to become more secular in nature as it emerged as a primary source of entertainment. Part two examines America’s shift to a more European form of musical expression in the addition of various complexities such as harmony and multi-instrumental pieces despite a continued love for earlier musical forms in the country and singing schools. Music became more varied as well, as minstrel shows featured white people mimicking the songs of the African American slaves and concerts grew in popularity. Soloists were fewer but remained popular, often touring the country to provide entertainment. From the culture of mixed musical sounds grew entirely new forms of musical expression such as ragtime, mountain music, honky-tonk, swing, jazz and the blues, which is the primary topic of the third part of the book. The country’s love for much of jazz music led to the formation of the Big Bands, which became popular during the 1930s and necessitated the creation of arranged tunes instead of the earlier improvised versions and the diversification of jazz overall. Part four highlights the influence of Latin dances on the American music scene and the ways in which country-western merged with jazz and the blues to create rock and roll. Motown, Soul and the British invasion through the Beatles and the Rolling Stones are included in this part of the book. Punk, New Age, Grunge, Rap and the introduction of electronic instruments are also discussed in this segment. Part five turns its attention to the entertainment aspects of America’s musical scene in things such as Burlesque, Vaudeville, operettas, revues, Broadway and the American musicals. The incorporation of music into almost all of America’s popular

LastQs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LastQs - Essay Example In contrast, virtual global companies have teams in all parts of the world that take advantage of the engineering in multiple geographic locations for collaborative and distributed engineering. For instance, global companies such as Microsoft, Intel, and Hewlett-Packard have outsourced their software development organizations mostly in India and Far East (Eppinger & Chitkara, 2006). Conventional global organizations such as Toyota, Siemens and General Motors still rely on certain countries for their engineering talents such as China, America and UK (Eppinger & Chitkara, 2006). The human resource management practices also differ due to the change in culture, organization structure and design. As team members in virtual organizations have never worked together unlike in conventional organizations, working styles of members differ. The practices of team leader in virtual organization is based on building trust by means of constant communication and managing virtual work-cycles and meeti ngs as well as monitor the progress of each team while each of the member benefitting from participation in virtual teams (Malhotra, Majchrzak, & Rosen, 2007). In case of conventional organization, the members of a team are mostly acquainted with one another and can work easily without any communication mismanagement. Francis Fukuyama famously defined some societies (Japan for example) as high-trust societies and some as low-trust societies. Qualify your country on Fukuyama’s categorization. What difficulties would you as a CIO have in setting up a virtual organization working with people from a society with a different level of trust? Based in US, if I want to set up a virtual outsourcing organization in Korea which is a low trust society, I would have to face many difficulties. The first challenge that I would face would be the acceptability in their society due to cultural differences. Therefore, the first thing would be to educate myself about the Korean cultural aspects.

Dangers of over empathising

Dangers of over empathising Discussion This assignment will attempt to discuss the importance of empathizing during the counselling exchange and focus on pointing out the dangers of over empathising as well as discuss how these dangers can be avoided. Before analysing the problems that occur when the therapist over empathizes, I will try to stress the importance of empathy within the client therapist relationship. When referring to the term empathy we mean the capability to share and appreciate someone elses emotions and feelings. It is often referred to as the ability to put oneself into anothers shoes, or in some way experience what the other person is feeling, (Ekman, 1999). Empathising with patients should be the starting point for improving the client therapist relationship and the counselling exchange and process. Empathy has always been a significant characteristic of psychoanalytic treatment. It is the essential healing factor as well as the basis of data collection in psychoanalysis, (Plutchik, 1980). Even though empathy is vital in psychoanalytic, self-psychological, and client centred therapies, its main purpose is seen as different within each therapeutic method, (Nicoll, W.G. 1999). With client centred therapy, the most important role of empathy is to generate a specific kind of learning experience where clients exist and relate to themselves in a different way. In particular, the purpose is to assist people in developing the skill of learning and show them how to use experiential referents in making every day decisions. With psychoanalysis, empathy is a key that assists the therapist in developing insight into the clients unconscious dynamics. With self psychological therapy, empathy works as a way to strengthen self-structure. Even though these functions are different, they can coexist Rogerian therapy According to Rogerian therapy, the therapist enters the clients world. Within this unique world the therapist neither agrees or disagrees. and does not attempt to look into the subconscious, the unconscious or point out contradictions, (Rogers 1977). Instead, therapy is seen as a process of freezing the individual and taking away obstacles and barriers in order for normal growth and development to occur which would eventually result in the clients independence, (Moses, I. 1988). Within the process of therapy the client passes on from rigidly of self perception to fluidity. For this to happen the therapist must be completely genuine and must have positive attitude towards the client and show empathic understanding, (Shaffer, 1978). A fundamental but also tricky in respect to the amount of empathy towards the client is keeping positive attitude towards the client. This demands from the therapist to relate to the client as a person to a person and not as a scientist to an object of stu dy, (Cornelius, 1996). In the context of therapy, empathy is characterised and expressed by studying a persons facial expressions, studying the body movements , and by active listening, by hearing their tone of voice, (Haase Tepper, 1972). Rogers (1975) emphasised on the therapist sensing the clients inner experiencing and communicating something about this understanding back to the person. In this regard, empathy involves a commitment to grasp the internal state of an individual as accurately as possible (Cochran Cochran, 2006). It is the sustained interpersonal stance of the therapist in perceiving and responding to the private meanings of the client that is central to the healing and change process (Barret Lennard, 1976; Rogers, 1975; Bennet, 2001). In order for an empathic response of a therapist to affect a client, it must be expressed or made visible in some form (Barret Lennard, 1993). Although empathic acknowledgment may involve some form of stimulation in the therapist (the empathiser), the therapist should not adopt or experience this feeling as their own, instead they should locate the feeling in the other person. Otherwise the therapist may experience an emotional atmosphere or even that the emotions displayed belong to all the parties involved rather than just to the client, (Moses, I. 1988). As Rogers pointed out: it is crucial that the therapist is able to perceive the experience of a person, but without losing the as if the counsellor were the client (Rogers, 1957). It is said that, in therapy, it is essential for a practitioner to avoid allowing conflictive personal issues to interfere with the counselling relationship (Boy Pine, 1982). On the other hand however, if the therapist maintains only an emotionally distant level of engagement with the client, communications and understandings that are forthcoming from an experiential mode of empathy may be diminished or precluded, (Olinick, S. L. 1969). At this point it is crucial to point out that although empathy is important it can be a very difficult issue for many therapists, (Moses, 1988). This is because therapists are very vulnerable to an excessive level of identification with another individual when personal issues and conflicts are unresolved and subject to merging with the material of the client. Feeling too much can easily complicate things and make it difficult to treat the patient in a completely objective manner. Being too empathic may also result in the therapist in a sense picking up attributes of the patients physical and mental disease. When over empathising the therapist may feel disempowered and it may then become very difficult for the therapist to feel relaxed, centred and rooted which is a basic requirement when attempting to treat someone, When the therapist over -empathises with the client he is in a way reproducing the physiological state of the client in his own system, (Davis, M. H. 1996). This can make therapy a dangerous quest as there are negative emotions involved, which leave the therapist in risk of exposing him or her self directly to the clients negative experience of the problem which could be depression, anxiety, suicidal tendencies and many more. By exposing himself directly and without borders to the clients negative state, the therapist is not helping himself, the client or the process of therapy. However, by empathising with the client in a conscious and appropriate manner it can work as a healthy protective mechanism which shields the therapist when needed, Empathy Empathy is not the act of getting lost in the clients state. If this happens, the therapist will be pulled down with the client when the client is drowning and therefore will not be able to provide any help, A sensible definition of empathy is to sense the clients private world as if it were your own, but without ever losing the as if quality this is empathy and it seems essential to therapy. To sense the clients anger, fear, or confusion as if it were your own, yet without your own anger, fear or confusion getting bound up in it. (Rogers) As Rogers states, empathising with the client in the way described can assist the client way more than just the positive feeling of being accepted and understood: When the clients world is clear to the therapist, and he moves about in it freely, then he can both communicate his understanding of what is clearly known to the client and can also voice meanings in the clients experience of which the client is scarcely aware. This way the therapist and the client can move forward together, step by step, instant by instant touching areas of experience which are within the client and affect his or her life, but for some or many reasons is difficult to access, therefore is not open to understanding, acceptance or change, (Myers, S. 2000). Therapists need to keep in mind that counselling is not just talking things over (as they do in their everyday life with friends), but a more formal kind in which there are two very different roles, the counsellor does not generally talk about them self or try to rescue the client as they would do with a friend because by doing this there is a danger of over-empathizing with the client and losing a clear sense of being separate people, (Eisenberg, N., Strayer, J. 1987) In terms of the content of therapy, there is a need for the therapist to constantly look out for the influence they may be experiencing from the client. Therapists need to question all their own assumptions and beliefs through reading, consciousness-raising, and through self examination. This requires a ruthless honesty that can be painful as well as exhilarating. Only when counsellors have gone through this themselves can they genuinely help their client and not become to attached or over-empathize. Ultimately it is important that therapists work with and acknowledge all aspects of their clients and themselves that are beneath and above the form visible to our eyes, (Myers, S. 2000). They need to be able to tune into the level on which they can see the human soul in front of them without being distracted by their theories and self beliefs. However it is important for therapists to distinguish the difference between sympathy and empathy. Sympathy Sympathy is often confused with empathy as both conceptions are viewed as passing on a sense of caring or compassion. In therapy however, there are clear differences between these aspects that can either potentially delay or increase the treatment process, (Lang, J.A. 1994). The primary intent of empathy is to understand a person and the focus of sympathy is the well-being of an individual (Black, 2004). In practice, if a client expresses emotional distress, a counsellor employing an empathic stance tries to understand the individuals functioning and convey a sense of the experience back to the person. In contrast, if a therapist sympathetically responds to a clients distress, he or she may attempt to alleviate the clients plight, (Lang, J.A. 1994). With sympathy, a practitioners identity may begin to merge with a clients feelings and situation (Kalisch, 1973). As the psychological boundaries between the client and therapist blur, and the sharing of feelings intensifies, the expectation that a counsellor will be able to assume an objective or detached perspective becomes more remote. A manifest pattern of similarity with a clients behaviour may indicate the operation of identification as a defense mechanism on the part of a counsellor (Clark, 1998a). In contrast to sympathy, empathy implies a sense of detachment and separateness. A practitioners identity is maintained except for momentary periods of active resonance with a client (Schlesinger, H.J. 1981). With empathy a counsellor directs attention more to the needs and issues of a client and attempts to maintain a focus on the individuals perspectives. As mentioned previously, identification and projection represent defence mechanisms that can distort a therapists ability to communicate and maintain an empathic posture with a client. The defences relate to conflictive issues and a therapists functioning that emerge during threatening interactions in treatment. Counter-transference is another construct with origins in the psychoanalytic persuasion, and relates specifically to unresolved conflicts of a therapist that potentially have a negative impact in the therapy process (Rud, C. 1993). Because it involves distortion of perceptual functioning, counter transference results in the diminished ability of therapists to focus on the needs of a client. At this point it is safe to argue that over-empathising is similar to sympathising in a way. Empathy is clearly different to sympathy. Sympathy suggests feeling sorry for the other person or, perhaps, identifying with how the other person feels. If one sympathises, they imagine them self as being in the other persons position and how doing so would make them feel. This results in not being able to have a clear view of the problem and therefore not being able to offer an objective point of view as a therapist. if one empathises, however, they try to imagine how it is to be the other person which means that feeling sorry for him/her does not really come into the issue, allowing the therapist to be a disposition towards the client, and allowing the client to express them self fully. Therapists should be very cautious so as to avoid being too sensitive to the clients emotions, and to avoid over-investing their own emotions, as this may have an effect on them and drain away their own orig inality, creativity and resourcefulness. In any therapeutic condition an understanding of the borders and limitations of empathic accurateness is fundamental. It is important for the counsellor to always remember that it is the client in the end who will find his own way through, and will find his own idiosyncratic answers to his problems in living and that the counsellor is there to assist and guide him through.

State and Religious Institutions and the Turkish Education System :: Education Turkey Educational Essays

State and Religious Institutions and the Turkish Education System Since 2000 B.C., when Turkey first appeared on the pages of history, the country has been a part of many different civilizations and has been constantly developing into the nation that we see today.? Turkey?s educational system has been developing as well.? The control of the educational system in Turkey is very much rooted in the State and is primarily controlled by the Ministry of National Education (commonly referred to as ?the Ministry?).? I found a good summary of the aim of the Ministry which stated that the goal of the Turkish national education system could be summed up as being, one where all individuals of the state are gathered together as an inseparable whole, united in national consciousness and thinking, trained to think along scientific lines with intellectually broadened views on world affairs, and to be productive happy individuals, who through their skills contribute to the prosperity of society and are instrumental in making the Turkish nation a creative and d istinguished member of the modern world. (MFA) The overall structure of how education actually works in Turkey is very rigid and detailed.? It seems that the Ministry has been the most significant in modifying the educational systems of Turkey within the past few years.? In 1997, for example, the required five years of primary school was replaced by eight years of primary school (Council).? There are other similar minor changes that have occurred over the past few years, but none of them, to my knowledge, have been drastically altering.? Also, In all of my research, it was difficult for me to find contrary information on any of the old systems and how they may have differed from the present day educational system, so I conclude that the system has been roughly uniform and similar, while obviously evolving over the years, for quite some time. ?As I mentioned earlier, the educational system of Turkey is very rigid and detailed, but at the same time appears to be very efficient.? All students in Turkey attend eight years of primary school, followed by three to four years of secondary school.? Turkey?s educational system, at this point, strays quite a bit from the educational system that most of us have grown up with in America.? Secondary education generally consists of a type of specialization for each individual student? State and Religious Institutions and the Turkish Education System :: Education Turkey Educational Essays State and Religious Institutions and the Turkish Education System Since 2000 B.C., when Turkey first appeared on the pages of history, the country has been a part of many different civilizations and has been constantly developing into the nation that we see today.? Turkey?s educational system has been developing as well.? The control of the educational system in Turkey is very much rooted in the State and is primarily controlled by the Ministry of National Education (commonly referred to as ?the Ministry?).? I found a good summary of the aim of the Ministry which stated that the goal of the Turkish national education system could be summed up as being, one where all individuals of the state are gathered together as an inseparable whole, united in national consciousness and thinking, trained to think along scientific lines with intellectually broadened views on world affairs, and to be productive happy individuals, who through their skills contribute to the prosperity of society and are instrumental in making the Turkish nation a creative and d istinguished member of the modern world. (MFA) The overall structure of how education actually works in Turkey is very rigid and detailed.? It seems that the Ministry has been the most significant in modifying the educational systems of Turkey within the past few years.? In 1997, for example, the required five years of primary school was replaced by eight years of primary school (Council).? There are other similar minor changes that have occurred over the past few years, but none of them, to my knowledge, have been drastically altering.? Also, In all of my research, it was difficult for me to find contrary information on any of the old systems and how they may have differed from the present day educational system, so I conclude that the system has been roughly uniform and similar, while obviously evolving over the years, for quite some time. ?As I mentioned earlier, the educational system of Turkey is very rigid and detailed, but at the same time appears to be very efficient.? All students in Turkey attend eight years of primary school, followed by three to four years of secondary school.? Turkey?s educational system, at this point, strays quite a bit from the educational system that most of us have grown up with in America.? Secondary education generally consists of a type of specialization for each individual student?